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a common name is a name for a plant or animal in a locale's native language, often describing the item's appearance. For example, "buttercup" might describe several unrelated plants with small yellow flowers in different parts of the world. There are millions of possible objects that can be described in science, too many to create common names for every one. Common names are also poorly suited to the precise usage needed by scientists, since by their nature common names evolve through linguistic processes. As a response, a number of systems of systematic names have been created. An example of a systematic naming scheme is Linnaean taxonomy, which uses Latin names for plants and animals.
a personal name is a proper name attached to a person, such as a given name or a family name. It is universal for a person to have a name.
an identifier is another word for a name used in technical jargon and generally refers to a name that is unique within a namespace.